tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76674473319602488902024-03-13T22:18:26.493-07:00Knowledge SummitJamie Hale's Knowledge Summit:
Thoughts from a Practical Scientistjamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.comBlogger123125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-91795728661102681672022-07-14T14:38:00.001-07:002022-07-14T14:38:58.552-07:00Focused Relaxative Activities <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Focused relaxation can lead to an array of benefits.</span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Benefits of Focused Relaxation
Activities<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Improved<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>attention<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Decreased blood pressure<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Decreased heart rate<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sense of calm<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meta-awareness (being exceptionally aware of the
contents of the mind)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Recognizing different thought patterns and letting
them go <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Decreased anxiety </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Improved sports and academic performance</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">There is a possibility that myself and colleagues may design some apps. that feature focused relaxative exercises. Below are a couple of exercises that can be used for focused relaxation. The time periods and frequency should be adjusted accordingly. </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Controlled
Breathing<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this activity participants will practice controlling
their breathing for 5 minutes. Participants will generally perform this activity
while seated. Instructions below:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Close your eyes and inhale through the nose, while
concentrating on feeling the sensations associated with the inhale; your
stomach should expand and the inhale is slow and controlled. Next, slowly
exhale; don’t force out the air, just let it go through the nose. With each
exhale count; after 10 total breaths (full inhale and exhale) restart the
count. If your mind starts to wander gently bring it back to full focus on the
sensation of breathing and the counting of the number of breaths you take. You
will be informed when 5 minutes have elapsed. <i>This a
concentrative mindfulness exercise that has been shown to provide an array of
benefits. </i> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Progressive
Muscle Relaxation <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this activity participants will tense and then relax
various body parts. This activity is generally performed while seated or lying
down. Instructions below:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Focus your attention on your lower body (feet, legs,
hips) and tense your lower body to level 6 (that is from a scale of 1-10); hold
the tension for 5 seconds and then release. When you release you should feel
total relaxation. Focus your attention on your torso (chest, back, mid-section)
and tense your torso to a level 6 (that is from a scale of 1-10); hold the
tension for 5 seconds and then release. When you release you should feel total
relaxation. Focus your attention on your arms and shoulders and tense them to a
level 6 (that is from a scale of 1-10); hold the tension for 5 seconds and then
release. When you release you should feel total relaxation. Now tense your
entire body to a level 8 (that is from a scale of 1-10); hold the tension for 5
seconds and then release. Repeat the cycle (a cycle includes the level 6 holds
followed by the level 8 holds) 2-3 times.
</span><i><span style="font-size: medium;">This is a great activity for
learning to feel tension throughout the body and differences between being
tense and being relaxed. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-style: italic; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqYlQPFLG94ozyi-E1o8zTIyXW0oqsVp-0jbumRLlE2mhwk3-uMZqT9ArFRQQ8D0hJQZMZUlH1XLw9BY_u8VKXYKvO5ThdcHE7RAKZckqchm5rRRT7RwYM0PdlepxT4hIjnaiF7A9V213Yn4Q6xQ_Q1NXu2TLPxdLoaFWjQDfSpO14NSjmCyXH9ypySQ/s1297/kayak-focusrelax....jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1176" data-original-width="1297" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqYlQPFLG94ozyi-E1o8zTIyXW0oqsVp-0jbumRLlE2mhwk3-uMZqT9ArFRQQ8D0hJQZMZUlH1XLw9BY_u8VKXYKvO5ThdcHE7RAKZckqchm5rRRT7RwYM0PdlepxT4hIjnaiF7A9V213Yn4Q6xQ_Q1NXu2TLPxdLoaFWjQDfSpO14NSjmCyXH9ypySQ/s320/kayak-focusrelax....jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">A primary goal in learning focused relaxation is being able to relax in different contexts. When first learning I recommend practicing in a controlled, familiar, relaxing place. As your skill progresses practice in places that aren't so comfortable, or even in environments that are perceived as relatively stressful. It may also be a good idea to practice these activities after an intense workout. Your workout highly activated the sympathetic nervous system, now your relaxative activities will help achieve a balance and highly activate the parasympathetic system. </span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;">Different types of meditation and hypnosis involve focused relaxation. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Is Hypnosis Real?</i></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">My first exposure to hypnosis was as a sophomore in college. I attended
an event on campus featuring a stage hypnotist, the auditorium packed
with students and faculty. Many unusual behaviors occurred on that
stage. Some hypnotized people lost the ability to count, while others
were stuck in their chairs; still others tried to sing classic melodies.
All these behaviors were subject to commands from the hypnotist. These
strange behaviors often characterize what happens during stage hypnosis.
Stage hypnosis and hypnotherapy are different; stage hypnosis is more
for entertainment, while hypnotherapy has been used in a range of
settings to help people with various problems. <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/is-hypnosis-real/">read full article</a> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><i>Meditation Matters</i></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">My interest in meditation was sparked when I watched a video of
neuroscientist Sam Harris speaking on the topic. Harris spoke
passionately about meditation and how over the years he had gained
extraordinary benefits from meditating. My curiosity peaked when I
listened to a podcast in which Harris guided Richard Dawkins through a
brief meditation. Dawkins let Harris know he didn’t enjoy it; he found
it uncomfortable and didn’t understand its purpose or value. <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/meditation-matters/">read full article </a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-78117472003032730592022-06-10T07:45:00.000-07:002022-06-10T07:45:07.026-07:00Don't Choke- Getting it Right When it Matters Most <p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Choking
occurs when one performs at a level significantly lower, due to excessive
anxiety, than can be expected given one’s past performance or skill level.
People that choke perform at a level much lower than they are capable of. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The Reinvestment Scale (Masters et al. 1993) is a scale used in an attempt to predict the likelihood that a person will choke. The higher a person scores on the scale the more likely they
are to choke under high pressure conditions (conditions they perceive as important). Below are a few questions that are presented on the scale. The questions below should be answered with a yes or no; the more yes answers
the more likely a person is to choke.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I remember things that make upset me or make me
angry for a long time afterward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yes/no<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I get worked up just thinking about things that have
upset me in the past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yes/no<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I often find myself thinking over and over about
things that have made me angry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yes/no <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I think about ways of getting back at people who
have made me angry long after the event has happened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yes/no<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I never forget about people making me angry or
upset, even about small things. yes/no</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Strategies to improve performance under
high pressure (Beilock 2010):<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Remind yourself of your worth<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Think differently<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Reinterpret your reactions<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Don’t over think when performing motor skills<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Practice under pressure<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Distract yourself<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Don’t dwell on past performances (especially
negative performances)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Focus on the outcome (not mechanics- specifically
when performing motor skills)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Focus on the positive<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Using strategies to relax (this benefits almost
every situation- academic, business and motor skills)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Remind yourself you have the background and skills
to succeed<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Think about Your Best Performance (doing the best
you can with your skill set and resources)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Excessive anxiety is a key foundation of choking. Anxiety has a negative impact on working memory (drains working memory), and for those performing motor skills it often leads to over thinking- "paralysis by analysis."</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Recently I have been incorporating lots of Focused Relaxative Activities into programs for athletes and I have used these activities with my learning / memory clients. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqHiBgOAN65cfuWVVbtM7W05E6spjGk73uZZbEYFiXbCxuWg3GCpusPItJIFl3oQ4jX878tEkZdDY8AgXMEsoyBiyz6WqVDf9O_ir3NxrEXHZTrJ3Bc30kgrGFkEcLrx9ZBwRanQ4sQrt67-vkBly0FPAgHnjUJ5HhVa_mPzaj-zRPPOeKK2Mf3NPldQ/s2015/jamie-relaxationrock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2015" data-original-width="1511" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqHiBgOAN65cfuWVVbtM7W05E6spjGk73uZZbEYFiXbCxuWg3GCpusPItJIFl3oQ4jX878tEkZdDY8AgXMEsoyBiyz6WqVDf9O_ir3NxrEXHZTrJ3Bc30kgrGFkEcLrx9ZBwRanQ4sQrt67-vkBly0FPAgHnjUJ5HhVa_mPzaj-zRPPOeKK2Mf3NPldQ/s320/jamie-relaxationrock.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u><br /></u></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>What do you think- are there additional strategies you have used to prevent choking????</u> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"></span><p></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-365151046169423952022-04-14T07:55:00.003-07:002022-04-14T07:55:47.677-07:00Seek Discomfort<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> Discomfort is part of life. Trying to totally avoid discomfort
isn’t reasonable.</span></p>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I highly recommend checking out <a href="https://yestheory.com/ ">Yes Theory</a> </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">They promote the idea that we should seek discomfort. Their
beliefs are in line with current research suggesting that discomfort (distress)
can lead to positive outcomes. </span><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Check
out the research from <a href="https://mbl.stanford.edu/people ">Alia Crum</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Her
research reveals the impact of stress mindset and how it should be incorporated
into a plan for stress optimization. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Stess Mindset</span></b></p>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There is a growing body of research that
involves examining how stress mindset influences physiological, behavioral, and
cognitive outcomes. <em>Stress mindset</em> is
defined as the extent to which one believes stress is either beneficial or
debilitating. Believing stress is good or bad matters; preliminary work
indicates that the way one perceives stress can have a significant effect on
psychological, health, performance, and behavioral outcomes (Crum et al. 2020).</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/the-stress-mindset/">full article</a> </span></span></div><div><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="line-height: 115%;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">“Stress is a part of everyday life; it can’t be completely
avoided. Not all stress is bad stress. How people respond to stress-inducing situations
is important to their health, performance, and wellbeing. A stress optimization
model is in the early stages of development; further research is needed to
flesh out and test components of the model. Researchers hope a fully developed
model for stress optimization will provide an approach to stress that provides
strategies that will allow people to thrive in the face of stress. “</span></p></span></div><div><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-36304760031535351032022-03-31T10:47:00.003-07:002022-03-31T10:47:36.595-07:00Critical Thinking Defined <p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Critical thinking includes scientific thinking and overriding fast thinking in some contexts. That is, overriding fast thinking when fast thinking leads to undesired outcomes. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Why Critical Thinking is Important for Everyone </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Critical thinking is an important subject in education, and educators
stress the importance of teaching critical thinking beginning at an
early age. College professors often dedicate a fair amount of time and
effort to developing and implementing lesson plans to make students
better critical thinkers. But what does it mean to be a critical
thinker? </span></p><p>
</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">When educators are asked to define <em>critical thinking</em>, their
answers are often ambiguous. Common responses include: “teaching them
how to think,” “teaching them formal logic,” “teaching them to be
thinkers,” “teaching them how to think for themselves,” or “teaching
them how to solve problems.” These explanations are problematic. Logic
is only a portion of what is needed to increase critical thinking;
independent thinking doesn’t necessarily imply critical thinking; and
teaching people how to solve problems does not bring us any closer to a
consistent conceptualization of critical thinking (Stanovich and
Stanovich 2010). I have done informal surveys asking people to define
critical thinking in bookstores, libraries, and public parks. The
answers were similar to those given by educators with little consensus. <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/why-critical-thinking-is-important-for-everyone/">full article </a></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Rethinking Science Education</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The general public has expressed
strong confidence and trust in science (Sloss & Hale, Working
Paper). Opinion polls indicate science careers are rated among the most
admired and trusted occupations, despite their limitations. </span></p><p>
</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">If you ask most people, they will
probably agree that science education is important. American kids don’t
perform well on some international science tests, and performance gets
even worse as they grow into teenagers. <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/rethinking-science-education/">full article </a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Most people will agree critical thinking is important. It is important that a clear conceptualization occurs with such an important concept. Critical thinking is good thinking. It is thinking that enhances chances of acquiring goals and it is thinking that is evidence based. </i></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-7345281076629177342021-12-30T07:53:00.001-08:002021-12-30T07:53:43.516-08:00Book Review: The Biological Mind<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%;">Abstract</span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="rtejustify" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alan Jasanoff is an award winning
neuroscientist and bioengineer at MIT. He obtained a Bachelor’s Degree in
Biochemical Sciences from Harvard College. He earned a Masters in Chemistry at
the University of Cambridge, UK, and completed his PhD studies in Biophysics at
Harvard University. Jasanoff joined the faculty of the Department of Biological
Engineering at MIT in 2004. The Jasanoff laboratory is focused on developing
new functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to study the neural
mechanisms of behavior. The research in the Jasanoff lab is at the interface
between neuroscience and biology. In his book <i>The Biological Mind: How Brain, Body and Environment Collaborate To
Make Us Who We Are</i> Jasanoff provides strong arguments that we are more than
our brains. When asking what makes you who you are, Jasanoff answers by pointing
out you are not only your brain, but you are the product of interactions among
the brain, the body outside of the brain and the environment. The brain is
important but so is the rest of the body and the environment in determining who
you are. The current article provides a review of<span> </span><i>The
Biological Mind: How Brain, Body and Environment Collaborate To Make Us Who We</i>.</span></p><p class="rtejustify" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Jasanoff introduces the term cerebral mystique. The
cerebral mystique reflects a belief that the brain is much more important than
anything else in determining who we are. Believing that the brain is all that
matters, in determining who we are, is derived from a false perception of the
organ and its significance as being independent from a system that includes the
body outside of the brain and the environment. The mystique promotes age-old
conceptions about distinctions between mind and body, free will and the nature
of the individuality of humans. The cerebral mystique can appear in multiple
forms including beliefs in superstitious entities, exaggerated sophistication
of brains as promoted in fiction and media, beliefs regarding cognitive
functions that emphasize inorganic qualities or identify mental processes as
isolated functions occurring only in specific neural structures. These mystical
like conceptions regarding the brain are ubiquitous in laypeople and
scientists.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">A positive outcome of the cerebral mystique is that glorifying
the brain can help influence public interest in neurobiological research, which
may lead to valuable findings that can benefit society. However,
overemphasizing the importance of the brain may conceal a basic finding of
neuroscience: human minds are biologically based, stemming from physiological
processes and are subject to the principles that govern nature. By exalting the
brain we run the risk of creating a sharp distinction between the brain and the
body and the brain and the environment. This leads to losing sight of the
interactive reality of our world. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">In the first part of the book the cerebral mystique,
and its various forms, are presented. Issues related to the cerebral mystique
promote a brain-body distinction that is similar to the well known mind-body
dualism found in Western philosophy and religion that has existed for hundreds
of years. By viewing the brain and body as distinct <span> </span>we may think of people as more independent
than they truly are, and we minimize our connections to others and minimize how
the environment influences who we are. To reiterate, this separation between
brain and body acts as a stand-in for mind-body dualism; the belief that the
mind and body are comprised of completely separate substances.<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">In part 2, the author
explains why a biologically realistic view of brains and minds is important,
and how this view could improve the world. Three areas (psychology, medicine
and technology) that are heavily influenced by the cerebral mystique are
discussed. In psychology, the mystique promotes a view that the brain is the
sole cause of thoughts and behaviors. This leads to an exaggerated view of the
role of individuality and downplays the influence of context in a range of
phenomena. In medicine the negative consequence of the cerebral mystique is to
perpetuate the stigma associated with psychiatric illnesses. Society tends to
think of brain disorders as broken brains. Broken brains are often conceived as
being untreatable. Viewing mental disorders as synonymous with brain disorders
leads to a greater reliance on medications and less use of cognitive and
behavioral interventions. Mental illness conceptualized as a brain disorder
ignores the issue the mental pathologies are frequently culturally relative and
subjectively defined. In technological areas, the cerebral mystique revolves
around science fiction and ideas regarding breaking into the brain: “hacking
the brain.” Technological advances have historically involved high levels of
injury risk and benefited mostly debilitated patients. <span> </span>Currently, the most successful innovations
used to improve elements of cognition are external sources. In Jasanoff’s view
writing is probably the greatest cognitive aid ever invented.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The
Cerebral Mystique</span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The most popular analogy for the mind is the
computer. Many scientists and philosophers<span>
</span>accept the analogy, whether it be implicitly or explicitly, between
computers and minds. Popular science magazines are full of brain-computer
analogies, that compare brains with computers in terms of information
processing , speed of computations and efficiency. Brain and computer analogies
have been proposed since the beginning of the digital age. Computers and brains
are noted for their electrical signaling. Both use electrical signaling, but
the brain also uses chemicals. Electrical signaling in a computer is much
different than the sort of electrical based, multi-factorial activity happening
in the brain. Only considering the roles of neurons and electrical activity in
neurons leads to an incomplete view of brain processes. Approximately half of
the brain’s cells are neurons. The brain also contains other cells: glia and
endothelia. In addition, the brain is rich in fluids and chemicals that participate
in brain processes. Reducing cognitive processing strictly to the neuron’s
electrical signaling misrepresents brain signaling. Accepting the notion that
brains function according to exceptional principles, that are not displayed in
other biological entities, is a result of the cerebral mystique.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The brain is complex; an appreciation of the
complexity can spark further interest and research in brain science, but it can
also lead to less interest in the biology of our bodies outside of the brain.
Exaggerated views of its complexity can lead to abandoning a biologically based
view of the mind. The brain is a multi-faceted, multi-purpose structure that doesn’t
operate detached from the body. In describing brains in accordance with their
exceptional complexity it creates a brain-body distinction as in other forms of
the cerebral mystique. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Thousand of neuroimaging
studies are published each year. An imaging technique that has almost become
synonymous with discussions on neuroscience is the functional MRI (magnetic
resonance imaging).<span> </span>It is the subject of
popular science and sometimes promoted as revolutionary in contributing to an
understanding of the human brain. To perform an fMRI a person lays in an
imaging machine while a series of brain scans are occurring. The image series
is analyzed for time varying changes that are correlated with whatever the
person was experiencing at that time. These changes indicate how different
areas of the brain are involved when engaging in specific tasks. Brain imaging
appears fascinating <span> </span>for lay people and
some scientists, as it provides a physical basis for cognitive and emotional
processes. Jasanoff argues that we must consider more than brain imaging for a
deeper understanding of the brain’s role in human nature. Brain imaging is
subject to contradictory interpretations, doesn’t allow us to read the mind and
its persuasive value in many contexts is unwarranted. It might seem surprising
but some mind-body dualists welcome functional brain imaging studies as a way
for examining the disembodied mind. The Dalai Lama has worked with researchers
on topics relating to the brain and meditation.<span>
</span>Neuroscientists use brain imaging in this context to examine how brain
activity underpins meditation and the mind. The Dalai Lama has expressed
interest in neuroscience as he wants to learn something more about how the
immaterial mind influences the brain. To the Dalai Lama and other<span> </span>people holding similar views brain imaging
doesn’t provide evidence of a biological mind. Pictures derived from fMRIs provide
valuable information regarding brain activity, but they have limitations.
Functional brain images are highly processed, statistical representations of
data that are at times “as distant from underlying biological processes as bologna
is from a pig” (Jasanoff,<span> </span>2018, p.81). Understanding
how mental processes work at a deep level requires multiple levels of analysis;
it is important to look beyond neuroimaging techniques. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Looking at brains through the lens of popular
neuroscience brains can become exceptionally complex, mystical machines, rather
than biological organs consisting of flesh and blood. The rest of the body
seems to be dispensable when compared to the brain. Personification of the
brain is reflected in statements such as “my brain is exhausted” or “my brain
doesn’t work that way.” Mental states are influenced by bodily cues in addition
to those occurring in the brain. The brain is required for an awareness of
these ailments, but the ailments influence mental states are often indirect. As
examples of indirect routes consider malaria and bone disorders. The parasite
that causes malaria has an impact on blood vessels and influences consciousness
by disrupting blood flow and oxygen carrying capacity. Bone disorders influence
the mind by causing inflammation and pain in areas outside of the brain.
Various mental dysfunctions can be caused by bodily problems including those of
the lungs, heart or endocrine systems. When malfunctions occur in the body
outside of the brain the mind can be negatively influenced. A growing body of
research supports embodied cognition, which shows that how we move through the
world and the particular use of our bodily structures has an impact on our mental
systems. </span></span></p><p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">All thoughts and
actions are consequences that are influenced by a system including environmental
and bodily (including the brain) interactions. Sensory organs are continuously
sending signals to the brain. Our senses are active at varying levels, even when
sleeping. When examining sensory biology it becomes evident that our brains are
heavily influenced by external stimuli, and this occurs even when we are unaware
(unconsciously) it is happening. A surprising phenomenon first identified in
the early 21st century shows some areas of the brain are deactivated by many
stimuli. These regions of the brain have been termed the brain’s default mode
network and involve a fair portion of the cerebral cortex and areas outside of
sensory or motor processing areas.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The
Importance of Being Biological</span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">A brain based model
isn’t beneficial in identifying and treating factors associated with addiction.
Peer pressure, family structure and socioeconomic status are well-known risk
factors for addiction. Explaining addiction as a brain disease can have
negative consequences such as diverting attention away from behavioral
therapies that may benefit addicts. Another area that often places too much
emphasis on a brain based model is the study of creativity. Media often talk
about the creative brain or present colorful brain illustrations showing
creative parts of the brain. Most brain scientists agree that brain biology is
important regarding cognitive capacities; however, it is also acknowledged that
culture, economic status and education are factors</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> nvolved with creative acts. Research involving the
study of creativity in molecular biology labs show that creative ideas are most
likely to come from group discussions involving diverse inputs, rather than from
single brains working in isolation.</span>
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Mental illness is a worldwide problem, with
depression being the leading cause of disability. Ninety percent of US suicides
are associated to mental disorders. Some have argued that equating mental illness
with brain disease will help in treating these ailments and can reduce stigma
associated with psychological problems. Jasanoff disagrees and presents three general
points challenging the brain disease model of mental illness. First, the brain
disease model introduces a new stigma that works against those with mental
health problems: the stigma of a broken brain. Second, by focusing on the brain
potentially effective therapies, such as cognitive and behavioral therapies are
not considered. Third, too much emphasis on problems with individual brains
overemphasizes neural causes of mental illness while understating the role of
environmental and cultural factors. Equating mental health illness <span> </span>with brain disease doesn’t seem to prevent the
stigmatization of those with mental health issues. An international analysis
over a 20 year period found no improvement in social acceptance of people with
mental illness, despite the public’s exposure to neurobiological explanations
of mental illness. Evidence indicates internal and external factors influence
mental health. The brain is involved with behaviors of all sorts, at some
level, but whether a brain abnormality is an underpinning cause or second order
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</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Neurotechnology has led to the concept of hacking
the brain. Most people think of hacking the brain as it relates to the
brain-as- computer analogy; it involves breaking into and manipulating the
brain. Fascination with neurotechnology is based on ideas that hacking the
brain will free it from the body’s constraints. However, it also reflects
thinking derived from the cerebral mystique and carries with it a few problems.
The first problem, is the thought that the brain and body are distinct from
each other. The second problem, is the sense that the brain is stronger or has
less limitations than the body outside of the brain. In fact, the brain and
body structures other than the brain have similar weaknesses, such as limited
endurance and capacity, as well as vulnerability to decay, infection and injury.
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in which it restricts thinking in regards to mental illness and the
individual’s role in society. </span></span></p><p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The final chapter of
the book is written in a different style than the previous chapters. The author
provides a fictional tale of what it would be like to have your brain preserved
in a vat. A vat is a large tank or tube generally used to hold liquid. Would
you still have the same experiences if your brain were detached from your body,
preserved and functioned by brain-computer- interface? Jasanoff says, no. He
points out that a lot of what makes us who we are is due to environmental
factors, somatic signals, sensory cues, social interactions and so on. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The key message perpetuated throughout the book
is “you are not only your brain.” Recognizing you are more than your brain and
understanding how the brain is interactive with the body and its </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">surroundings can help us appreciate our place as
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</span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">CONCLUSION</span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">I think a different subtitle for the book should
have been chosen; the subtitle <i>How Brain,
Body, And Environment Collaborate To Make Us Who We Are</i> implies separation
of brain and body. Jasanoff is promoting the opposite: brain and body are
inseparable. The subtitle would be a better representative of the contents of
the book if it were <i>How Brain, Body
Outside of the Brain, And Environment Collaborate To Make Us Who We Are. </i>Other
titles would work, just so they reflect that the brain isn’t distinct from the
body. I would have liked to have read a more on the motor system and how
sensory feedback neurons influence movement , and the mechanisms involved with
exercise and its impact on brain structures and processes. A little more
coverage of embodied cognition would also have added to the value of the book.
Those few critiques by no means take away from the value of this work.<span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The book is choked full of useful references and
provides updates regarding the latest philosophical views and scientific
studies regarding the mind. The book places emphasis on<span> </span>a need for different levels of analysis in an
attempt to understand the mind. This book would be a good addition to anyone’s
library that has interest in the brain sciences and philosophical discussions
related to neuroscience, psychology or related fields. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Title: <i>The
Biological Mind: How Brain, Body, and Environment Collaborate To Make Us Who We
Are</i> / Alan Jasanoff. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2018.<span> </span></span></span></p><br />jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-78052745782828971472021-12-10T15:50:00.001-08:002021-12-10T15:50:18.659-08:00Cute Canines<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjtzEQiZk6HuUrPTpRdMOAJETQcUGg67MfD_T3HYQgwLCNH_Bgo_RsNyzouUXlb0Q_P_BPedxcHHDDy3dkbpSXxx1OIgFYOEbEh6lfdEf54buDG9THOf6munUUqRRw6MvcGrnIezC_UbSMxbknnuET8-Mi9qCTegxP5D3jTw_Ws48MN07s0fV8lKT5zAA=s960" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjtzEQiZk6HuUrPTpRdMOAJETQcUGg67MfD_T3HYQgwLCNH_Bgo_RsNyzouUXlb0Q_P_BPedxcHHDDy3dkbpSXxx1OIgFYOEbEh6lfdEf54buDG9THOf6munUUqRRw6MvcGrnIezC_UbSMxbknnuET8-Mi9qCTegxP5D3jTw_Ws48MN07s0fV8lKT5zAA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"> </span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The
human response to cuteness includes protective behavior, a willingness to care
for the cute animal and increased attention. These things can be good for the
dog. Initially, I became interested in cuteness and how humans perceive
cuteness after talking with Donald Varakin from <span> </span><span> </span>Eastern
Kentucky University who studies perception</span>. Some of his research focuses
on behavior- including head tilt- that can make dogs be perceived as cuter by
humans. <span> </span>Why is it we think some animals
are so cute including puppies and other non-human animals? Cu<span style="color: #333333;">teness is influenced by both physical attributes and
behavior.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333;">Like many infant
animals, babies and puppies have several things in common: large heads, round
faces and big eyes. These appealing traits have a name: <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kindchenschema </em>(baby schema). A term
introduced by Konrad Lorenz in 1942, baby schema is defined as “a set of
infantile physical characteristics ... [that] motivates caretaking behavior in
other individuals, with the evolutionary function of enhancing offspring
survival.”</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333;">Cuteness matters
and it may impact how canines are treated. Of course, it shouldn’t matter whether
canines are cute regarding their treatment. Animals of all sorts and of all cuteness
levels should be treated well.</span></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #333333;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">Babyface the Allure of Cute Dogs</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">My dog Millie, a five-pound Yorkshire Terrier, and I do almost
everything together. We hike, camp, watch sporting events, grocery shop, spend
all day at the bookstore and visit research labs. Everywhere we go, people are
attracted to her; they want to hold her, pet her or just say hi. Why do so many
people think she is so cute? Is she perceived as cute because of her looks or
her behavior? As it turns out, cuteness is influenced by both physical
attributes and behavior, factors that affect the perception of cuteness in a
variety of animal species.</span> <a href="https://thebark.com/content/baby-face-allure-cute-dogs">full article</a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Head-title
Increases Cuteness of Puppies and Adult Dogs</b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Abstact (White et al -Working Paper)</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Humans are naturally attracted to cute animals. <i>Baby schema</i> is a cluster of infantile
characteristics that are often considered cute: big eyes, small nose, large
head, small mouth, etc. <span>Previous research has tended to focus on how infantile features of the
face and body affect cuteness perception of human and non-human animals. In our
study we examined</span> whether behavioral features can affect cuteness,
specifically in puppies and adult dogs. The behavior we focused on was head
tilt. The results of the study indicate that head tilt can increase cuteness of
puppies and adult dogs.</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Key points:</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Several studies have demonstrated that cats and dogs high in infantile
characteristics are judged to be cuter than those who are low in infantile
characteristics (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Hecht and Horowitz<span> </span>2015; Little</span> 2</span>012). <span style="font-size: medium;">Eye movement measures suggest that children
and adults show greater interest in animal pictures (cats and dogs) rated high
in infantile characteristics than animal pictures rated low infantile
characteristics (Borgi et al. 2014)”
</span><p style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“Recent evidence suggests that dogs raise their
eye-brows when given attention from humans (Kaminski 2017), making their eyes
appear bigger and therefore more infantile, which may increase the chances of a
shelter animal being rehomed quickly (Waller 2013).”</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“In summary, these results suggest that head tilt
can increase cuteness in puppies and adult dogs. When participants were asked
to make puppies and adult dogs as cute as possible, they chose to tilt the
heads.” </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Improving a dog’s cuteness could improve the
attention and overall care it receives from humans. “Pet adoption agencies and
others invested in the well-being of pets could benefit from a better
understanding of how to increase cuteness without making everything look like a
baby.”</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p style="line-height: 115%;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">References available upon request</span></i></p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span></p>
<p> </p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-54568175111171127462021-12-05T09:02:00.001-08:002021-12-05T09:02:49.224-08:00Your Brain and Exercise <p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Around
2015 or 2016 I first presented my lecture - <i>Your
Brain and Exercise. </i>The lecture was given at Georgetown College in Georgetown
Ky. The lecture consisted of information regarding how exercise benefits the
brain. Some of the key points included: Mechanisms
that mediate the effects of exercise on the brain:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 67.5pt 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\Jamie\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="14" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Neurogenesis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 67.5pt 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\Jamie\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="14" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Synaptic Plasticity </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 67.5pt 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\Jamie\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="14" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Spine density </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 67.5pt 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\Jamie\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="14" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Angiogenesis & vascular growth factors </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 67.5pt 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\Jamie\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="14" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Neurotransmitters and growth factors</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 67.5pt 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;">I</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">n In the lecture an overview
of these mechanisms and how they impact brain structure and function were
discussed. In addition, different exercise modes were discussed and
recommendations for exercise and brain health were given.<o:p></o:p></span></p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 67.5pt 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Interested in
hosting seminar let me know- virtual or in-person jamie.hale1@gmail.com</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Your Brain and Exercise
2.0 (seminar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The new seminar involves
more information and has two main components - Motor structures and How exercise
benefits the brain. The motor structures component briefly mentions history of
the motor cortex and other brain structures involved with movement (including
early discoveries). An understanding of the nervous system and movements needs
to involve much more than a description of “excitation-contraction coupling.”
Excitation-contraction coupling is important, but it is a small part of nervous system
related activity and its influence on movement. The brain structures involved
with movement and sensori-motor interactions need to be discussed if an
understanding of neuromuscular activity is the desired outcome. The potential
for exercise to impact the brain is huge and it is important to consider various
types of exercise and </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">measures regarding outcomes. These
considerations are also part of Your Brain and Exercise 2.0. There is a
possibility that the Power Point may be made available for sale and can be used
for educational purposes and presentations, with the understanding that the
lecture was constructed by me. Relevant information:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Exercise doesn’t always improve cognition <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Exercise may lead to an array of benefits regarding brain and cognitive
health. The finding that some types of executive function may be negatively impacted
by some types of exercise doesn’t mean exercise is bad for the brain. </span><b>In fact, to reiterate, there is a plethora of research showing a range of
benefits for brain health and cognitive processes. We should avoid saying or
over generalizing and asserting all exercise benefits thinking, but at the same
time acknowledging the range of potential benefits that exercise may offer to
the brain <a href="https://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2021/11/exercise-doesnt-always-improve.html">full article </a></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Why Exercise Is Good for the Brain?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some of the earliest
research showing the effects of exercise on the brain came from neuroscience
pioneer Marian Diamond and colleagues (1964). Diamond’s research focused on how
the brain changes (neuroplasticity). It looked at rats raised in enriched
environments. The study involved three groups of rats: those raised in
enriched, standard, and impoverished environments. Enriched environments are
those that provide various stimuli created to promote complex sensory
experiences. The rats in the enriched environment were exposed to other rats
(often involving lots of play among the rats and other interactions), various
toys, objects, and running wheels. The rats had the opportunity to live an
activity-filled life. <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/why-exercise-is-good-for-the-brain/">full article</a> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BnFM5UCVI0w/YazwpP0GUEI/AAAAAAAAEcY/r_eSZBgWP_spHisrdIWCDb2mMSAkE_lswCNcBGAsYHQ/s1670/bctc-holding%2Bbrain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1670" data-original-width="1252" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BnFM5UCVI0w/YazwpP0GUEI/AAAAAAAAEcY/r_eSZBgWP_spHisrdIWCDb2mMSAkE_lswCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/bctc-holding%2Bbrain.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-9127597090311468192021-11-14T08:48:00.007-08:002021-11-28T09:44:53.788-08:00Exercise Doesn't Always Improve Cognition...BUT<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-akMaPame3Uo/YaPABS8UEqI/AAAAAAAAEbI/mbBBFSsVNiIUZ1PZoqdUIQ4wrjRe2hkKwCLcBGAsYHQ/s315/holdingbrain-bctc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="315" height="315" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-akMaPame3Uo/YaPABS8UEqI/AAAAAAAAEbI/mbBBFSsVNiIUZ1PZoqdUIQ4wrjRe2hkKwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/holdingbrain-bctc.jpg" width="315" /></a></div><br /> <span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Some types of exercise impair
components of cognition.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abstract (Dietrich and Sparling 2004)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Two experiments are
reported that examine the possibility that exercise selectively influences
different types of cognition. To our knowledge, these experiments represent the
first attempt to study higher-cognitive processes during exercise. Theoretical thinking
was guided by the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. In both experiments,
athletes who exercised at a sustained, moderate pace were compared to sedentary
controls on two <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/neuropsychological-tests" title="Learn more about Neuropsychological Tests from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages"><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">neuropsychological tests</span></a>, one that is
generally regarded as heavily dependent on prefrontal cognition and one that is
relatively insensitive to prefrontal operation. Results showed that during
exercise performance on tests demanding prefrontal-dependent cognition was
impaired, while at the same time, cognitive processes requiring little
prefrontal activity were unaffected.”</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">from the Discussion:</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“The
results of the two experiments reported here provide convergent evidence
consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged exercise might result in a state
of transient hypofrontality.” Transient hypofrontality is a decrease in frontal
lobe, particularly prefrontal cortex activity (associated with executive
functions- higher order cognitive processes).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“
At the very least, these results indicate that during endurance exercise
different cognitive functions are affected to different degrees” The endurance protocols used in these experiments
show different influences on different aspects of thinking.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Although
several EEG studies have already demonstrated that treadmill running of the
same intensity used in the present study reduces prefrontal activity (for a
review, see Kubitz & Pothakos, 1997),” It would be highly desirable to
replicate the present results in a study that also makes use of physiological
measures.” Additionally, other physiological measures such as optical imaging
or ERP combined with other selective neuropsychological measures are needed to
further explore the complex interaction between exercise and mental function” Future studies should aim to replicate and
extend these findings. A variety of measures can be used.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“The
present findings and the broader theoretical framework have potential
implications for the use of exercise in the treatment of depression and anxiety
disorders. PET studies have demonstrated that the right ventromedial prefrontal
cortex, along with the amygdala and the anterior cingulate gyrus, are
hyperactive during depression (see Mayberg, 1997).” Neuroimaging studies of individuals with
anxiety disorders implicate hyper prefrontal cortex activity in a similar manner. In obsessive– compulsive the
prefrontal cortex exhibits hypermetabolism as well. “Given the analytical,
emotional, and attentional capacities of the prefrontal cortex, the excessive
activity is thought to generate a state of hyper-vigilance and hyper-awareness.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">“ Recent advances in
psychology and neuroscience have greatly enhanced our understanding of the
contribution of the prefrontal cortex to cognition. In the future, this
knowledge will allow exercise scientists to ask more specific questions
regarding the effects of exercise on cognition.” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Specific questions including what type of
exercise?- what is the measure of cognition? - is the measure acute or chronic?</span><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">full
paper <a href="doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.03.002 (msu.edu) ">Endurance exercise selectively impairs prefrontal-dependent cognition</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Exercise-
a foundation of brain health</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Exercise
may lead to an array of benefits regarding brain and cognitive health. The
finding that some types of executive function may be negatively impacted by
some types of exercise doesn’t mean exercise is bad for the brain. <b>In fact, to reiterate, there is a plethora
of research showing a range of benefits for brain health and cognitive processes.
We should avoid saying or over generalizing and asserting all exercise benefits
thinking, but at the same time acknowledging the range of potential benefits that
exercise may offer to the brain.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;">Why is Exercise Good for the Brain?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background-color: white;">Computerized brain training games
and dietary supplements will make your brain healthier, and you will get
smarter—according to companies selling those products. There are many products
aimed at improving brain health and cognition, but research is inconclusive
regarding the benefits of many of these products. </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">So what<i> has </i>been shown to
enhance brain functioning? </strong></p><p style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0in;">Exercise may lead to better cardiovascular health, stronger bones and
muscles, stronger connective tissue, general fitness, athleticism, treatment of
type 2 diabetes, treatment of insulin resistance, prevention of
osteoporosis, and improved appearance. Better brain functioning is
another possible benefit of exercise. Extensive research indicates exercise may
offer an array of benefits, including physiological, behavioral, and cognitive
(van Praag 2009). <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/why-exercise-is-good-for-the-brain/">full article</a> </p><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div></div>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-21329465554948205992021-10-31T06:51:00.001-07:002021-10-31T06:56:04.225-07:00I am Not Biased- You Are!?<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">You are biased and so is everyone else. “I am not biased”
says the uninformed consumer, researcher, policy maker, minister, spiritual guru,
coach, therapist etc.......</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Myside bias: is the
tendency for people to evaluate evidence, generate evidence, and test
hypotheses in a manner biased toward their own opinions. The weight of evidence
doesn’t matter when making decisions or determining belief. It is reasonable to
suggest everyone is influenced at some level of bias (conscious and
unconscious- not being aware of bias).</span><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bias Blind Spot</span></strong><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0in;">“Research involving the assessment of one’s own biases indicates people
often feel that they are less biased than others. Bias blind spot is
conceptualized as a tendency to recognize bias in others, while not recognizing
bias in ourselves (Pronin et al. 2002). Emily Pronin and colleagues conducted a
study that asked participants to rate themselves and others on their
susceptibility to a variety of biases. The results indicated across eight
biases people felt they were less biased than their peers. In summary, people
acknowledge the value of scientific findings on biased processing, but they
don’t believe those findings apply to <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">them.</em><em><o:p></o:p></em></p>
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A key factor involved with bias blind spot is placing too much emphasis
on introspective evidence (monitoring one’s own conscious processes), despite
the tendency for biases to occur unconsciously (below our awareness). Another
factor driving bias blind spot is the tendency for people to assume their
perceptions directly reflect reality (naive realism), and that those who don’t
agree are biased. Indeed, “People’s tendency to deny their own bias, even while
recognizing bias in others, reveals a profound shortcoming in self-awareness,
with important consequences for interpersonal and intergroup conflict” (Pronin
2007)</span>” <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/everyone-else-is-biased/">Full article</a> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><h3 style="line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.6pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 23.75pt; margin: 23.75pt 0in 13.6pt;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 12pt;">Intelligence & Myside Processing<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Toplak &
Stanovich (2003) presented 112 undergraduate university students with an
informal reasoning test in which they were asked to generate arguments both for
and against the position they endorsed on three separate issues. Performance on
the task was evaluated by comparing the number of arguments they generated
which endorsed (myside arguments) and which refuted (otherside arguments) their
own position on that issue. Participants generated more myside arguments than
otherside arguments on all three issues, thus consistently showing a myside
bias effect on each issue. Differences in cognitive ability were not associated
with individual differences in myside bias. However, year in university was a
significant predictor of myside bias. The degree of myside bias decreased
systematically with year in university. Year in university remained a
significant predictor of myside bias even when both cognitive ability and age
were statistically partialled out. </span></span>Myside bias was displayed on all three issues, but
there was no association in the level of myside bias shown across the different issues <a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/only-my-opinion-counts-myside-bias#1">Read more</a> </div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p style="line-height: 17.65pt; margin-bottom: 17.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 17.0pt; margin: 17pt 0in;"><b>Proxies of
Intelligence Do Not Predict Avoidance of Myside Bias<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In Experiment 1, the
researchers concluded, there was "no evidence at all that myside bias
effects are smaller for students of higher cognitive ability" (p.140). The
main purpose of Experiment 2 was to investigate the association of cognitive
abilities with myside and one side bias. "The results... were quite clear
cut. SAT total scores displayed a nonsignificant 7.03 correlation with the
degree of myside bias and a correlation of .09 with the degree of one-side bias
(onebias1), which just missed significance on a twotailed test but in any case
was in the unexpected direction" (p.147). It was also revealed that
stronger beliefs usually imply heavier myside bias. In Experiment 3 "the
degree of myside bias was uncorrelated with SAT scores", and "[t]he
degree of one-side bias was uncorrelated with SAT scores" (p.156). Myside
bias was weakly correlated with thinking dispositions. One side bias showed no
correlation with thinking dispositions. From <i><a href="https://www.paypal.com/webapps/hermes?token=7NB1239876750761R&useraction=commit&mfid=1635687215789_a492a0b5a28be">In Evidence We Trust 2nd Edition</a></i> </span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></div>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-33651860596144907002021-10-10T05:28:00.002-07:002021-10-10T05:28:31.193-07:00Measures in Science<p class="Default"> <span style="color: windowtext;">An instrument can provide
accuracy and preciseness but lack value if the measurement is non-valid. When
determining the validity of the measurement one must ask does the measurement
really measure the concept in question?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">The key aspects concerning the
quality of scientific measures are reliability and validity (Hale, 2011).
Reliability is a measure of the internal consistency and stability of a
measuring device<b>. </b>Validity gives us an indication of whether the
measuring device measures what it claims to. </span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">Internal consistency is the
degree in which the items or questions on the measure consistently assess the
same construct. With an internally consistent measure items are positively
correlated with each other. This measure of internal consistency is
particularly important regarding self-report measures. It isn't as important
when considering performance based measures, tests or surveys. Each question
should be aimed at measuring the same thing. Stability is often measured by
test / retest reliability. The same person takes the same test twice and the
scores from each test are compared. Interrater reliability is sometimes used in
assessing reliability. With interrater reliability different judges or raters
(two or more) make observations, record their findings and then compare their
observations. If the raters are reliable then the percentage of agreement
should be high. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">When asking if a measure is
valid we are asking if it measures what is supposed to. Validity is a judgment
based on collected data; it is not a statistical test. Two primary ways to
determine validity include: existing measures and known group differences. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">The existing measures test
determines if the new measure correlates with existing relevant valid measures.
The new measure should be similar to measures that have been recorded with
already-established valid measuring devices. Known group differences determine
whether the new measure distinguishes between known group differences. An
illustration of known group differences is seen when different groups are given
the same measure, and are expected to score differently. As an example, if you
were to give Democrats and Republicans a test assessing the strength of certain
political views, you would expect them to score differently. Various
sub-categories of validity (external, internal, statistical and construct) are
also important in some contexts. Validity rating is not overly objective; in
fact, it is relatively subjective in some areas. There isn't a perfect validity.</span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is possible to
have a reliable but not valid measure. However, a valid measure is always a
reliable measure,</span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">Often, when using unsystematic
(non-scientific) approaches to knowledge measures are not reliable or valid.
That is, they do not measure the trait or characteristic of interest
consistently nor do they measure what they are intended to measure. Quality scientific
approaches generally make great efforts to ensure reliability and validity. <br /></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">What about Replication in
Science??</span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Replicable
(reproducible) findings are important to science; they are a sub-component of
converging evidence. When referring to the replication crisis it is important
to understand that what is meant- is lack of replicating statistically
significant findings. It would be more precise to say there is a
"statistically significant replication crisis." Consider replication
from another perspective; the original study failed to detect stat...sign..
(using criteria NHST prevalent with use of frequentist stats), but additional
studies detect statistical significance. What would the implications be??
College instructors should make an effort to address this condition-
non-significant precedes significant findings. Students are often advised no
need to try to replicate non-significant findings, but sign..findings should be
replicated. <i>This implies that the non-sign....findings must be accurate (if
they occurred first), even though all studies are susceptible to flaws.</i> <a href="https://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2020/11/replication-studies-another-perspective.html">Read
more</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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more about the need for science, rationality and statistics <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- <a href="https://www.paypal.com/webapps/hermes?token=86J4806881328204W&useraction=commit&mfid=1633868335724_f93371249722c"><i>In Evidence We Trust</i></a> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br /></span></p>
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jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-37534856959009161902021-04-26T10:06:00.000-07:002021-04-26T10:06:19.624-07:00Nonsense Detection Kit 2.0<p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Nonsense Detection Kit 2.0 is a revision of The Nonsense Detection
Kit. The contents of the full kit can be found in <a href="https://www.paypal.com/webapps/hermes?token=96278899WY4467355&useraction=commit&mfid=1619456581642_db92eab1aca7d" target="_blank"><i>In Evidence We Trust 2nd Edition</i></a>. <br /></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: windowtext;">The impetus
for writing the Nonsense Detection Kit was previous suggestions made by Sagan
(1996), Lilienfeld et al. (2012) and Shermer (2001). The Nonsense Detection Kit
is referring to nonsense in terms of “scientific nonsense”. So, nonsense as it
is referred to here refer to “nonscientific information” that is often
perpetuated as scientific, when in fact it is not scientific. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: windowtext;">The Nonsense
Detection Kit provides guidelines that can be used to separate sense from
nonsense. There is no single criterion for distinguishing sense from nonsense,
but it is possible to identify indicators, or warning signs. The more warnings
signs that appear the more likely that claims are nonsense. <br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: windowtext;">Below is a
brief description of indicators that should be useful when separating sense
from nonsense. These indicators should be useful when evaluating claims made by
the media, on the Internet, in peer-reviewed publications, in lectures, by
friends, or in everyday conversations with colleagues.<span> <br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">Nonsense indicator-
claims haven’t been verified by an independent source </span></b><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Nonsense perpetuators often claim special
knowledge. That is, they have made specific discoveries that only they know
about. Others lack know how, or do not have the proper equipment to make the
finding. These findings are often reflected in phrases such as, “revolutionary
breakthrough”, “what scientists don’t want you to know”, “what only a limited
few have discovered”, and so on. These findings are not subject to criticism or
replication. That is not how science works. When conducting studies it is
imperative that researchers <i>operationalize </i>(provide operational
definition- precise observable operation used to manipulate or measure a
variable) variables so the specifics can be criticized and replicated.
Non-scientists are not concerned with others being able to replicate their
findings; because they know attempted replications will probably be
unsuccessful. If a finding cannot be replicated this is a big problem, and it
is unreasonable to consider a single finding as evidence. It is also
problematic when only those making the original finding have replicated
successfully. When independent researchers using the same methods as those used
in the original study are not able to replicate this is a sign that something
was faulty with the original research.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">Nonsense
indicator- claimant has only searched for confirmatory evidence </span></b><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: windowtext;">The
confirmation bias is a cognitive error (cognitive bias) defined as tendency to
seek out confirmatory evidence while rejecting or ignoring non-confirming
evidence (Gilovich, 1991). Confirmation bias is pervasive, and may be the most
common cognitive bias. Most people have a tendency to look for supporting
evidence, while ignoring or not looking very hard for disconfirmatory evidence
(showing a dislike for disconfirmatory evidence). This is displayed when people
cherry pick the evidence. Of course, when you’re a lawyer this is what you need
to do. You don’t want any evidence entering into the case that may be incongruent
with the evidence you present. However, as a scientist it is important to look
for disconfirming evidence. In fact, it has been suggested that a good
scientist goes out of their way to look for disconfirmatory evidence. Why look
for disconfirmatory evidence? Because when discovering reality is the objective
it is necessary to look at all the available data, not just the data supporting
one’s own assertions. Confirmation bias occurs when the only good evidence,
according to the claimant, is the evidence that supports their claim. Often,
perpetuators of nonsense may not even be aware of disconfirmatory evidence.
They have no interest in even looking at it.<span> <br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="Default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: windowtext;">A study by
Frey & Stahlberg (1986) examined how people cherry-pick the evidence. The
participants took an IQ test and were given feedback indicating their IQ was
either high or low. After receiving feedback participants had a chance to read
magazine articles about IQ tests. The participants that were told they had low
IQ scores spent more time looking at articles that criticized the validity of
IQ tests, but those who were told they had high IQ scores spent more time
looking at articles that supported the claim that IQ tests were valid measures
of intelligence. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Scientific thinking should involve an effort to
minimize confirmation bias. However, science does involve confirmation bias to
a degree; this if often demonstrated in publication bias and forms of myside
bias. The late Richard Feynman (Nobel Laureate, Physics) suggested that science
is a set of processes that detects self-deception (Feynman, 1999). That is,
science makes sure we don’t fool ourselves.</span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></span></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-6865581121016704952020-12-30T05:22:00.000-08:002020-12-30T05:22:35.367-08:00Critical Thinking is Rational <p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The sub title of </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In
Evidence We Trust</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> is </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The need for
science, rationality and statistics</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. The subtitle could have been </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The need for critical thinking</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. Critical
thinking / rational thinking includes scientific thinking, and statistical /
probabilistic thinking is a component of scientific thinking. Critical thinking
as conceptualized by cognitive scientists has been examined in an array of
contexts, and the work of various cognitive scientists led the Stanovich
Research Lab to develop the first comprehensive measure of rationality:
Comprehensive Assessment of Rationality (CART- 2016).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rationality consists of two broad categories-
instrumental and epistemic rationality. <u>Rational thinking skills are
important. They are as important as intelligence. Intelligence and rationality
are often dissociated.</u> Research demonstrates that intelligence is often a
weak predictor of rationality. This has been shown over a wide range of
studies. Intelligence is important, but there is more to good thinking than
intelligence. Intelligence reflects reasoning abilities across a wide variety
of domains, particularly novel ones. In addition, intelligence reflects general
declarative knowledge acquired through acculturated learning. Rationality
reflects appropriate goal setting, goal optimization, and holding
evidence-based beliefs.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Myths
About Critical Thinking<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">Critical thinking (rational thinking) is good thinking; it involves
forming appropriate goals, goal optimization and forming evidence based
beliefs. Two common myths associated with critical thinking are emotion
prevents critical thinking and critical thinking is synonymous with formal
logic. <a href="https://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2018/12/myths-about-critical-thinking.html">Full article</a></span></span> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Critical
Thinking in Modern Society<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">Educators often pay lip service to the idea of teaching “critical
thinking.” But, when asked to define </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">critical thinking</em>, answers are often weak and ambiguous. Common responses to
the defining critical thinking include: “teaching them how to think,” “teaching
them formal logic,” “teaching them to be thinkers,” “teaching them how to think
for themselves,” or “teaching them how to solve problems.” They already know
how to <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">think</em>; logic is only a portion of what is needed to
increase critical thinking, independent thinking doesn’t necessarily imply
critical thinking and teaching them how to solve problems are hard to measure
assertions. <a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/critical-thinking-in-modern-society/">Full article</a> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chapter 2 from <i>In
Evidence We Trust </i>features short articles on critical thinking. <span style="background: white;">Some of the articles focus on the rationality
intelligence dichotomy. Also included in this chapter are interviews with Keith
Stanovich and the Stanovich Research Lab (Keith Stanovich, Richard West and
Maggie Toplak). In the interviews with Stanovich, he discusses the development
of an RQ Test. In the interview with the Stanovich lab, rationality and
intelligence are discussed.</span></span></span> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://maxcondition.com/store-2/#!/In-Evidence-We-Trust-2nd-Edition-eBook/p/58318526/category=0">Purchase <i>In
Evidence We Trust 2nd Edition</i> (Hale 2019)</a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-14682766240555550042020-11-25T07:40:00.005-08:002020-11-25T07:47:27.005-08:00Replication Studies: Another Perspective<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> R<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">eplicable (reproducible) findings are important to
science; they are a sub-component of converging evidence. When referring to the
replication crisis it is important to understand that what is meant- is lack of
replicating statistically significant findings. It would be more precise to say
there is a "statistically significant replication crisis." Consider
replication from another perspective; the original study failed to detect
stat...sign.. (using criteria NHST prevalent with use of frequentist stats), but
additional studies detect statistical significance.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">What would the implications be?? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">College instructors should make an effort to
address this condition- non-significant precedes significant findings. Students are
often advised no need to try to replicate non-significant findings, but sign..findings
should be replicated. This implies that the non-sign....findings must be
accurate (if they occurred first), even though all studies are susceptible to flaws.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gelman asserts the <a href="https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2016/01/26/more-power-posing/">time-reversal heuristic</a> needs
consideration: "<span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">One helpful (I think) way
to think about this episode is to turn things around. Suppose the Ranehill et
al. experiment, with its null finding, had come first. A large study finding no
effect. And then Cuddy et al. had run a replication under slightly different
conditions with a much smaller sample size and found statistically significance
under non-preregistered conditions. Would we be inclined to believe it?</span>"
</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><p class="default"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><a href="http://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2020/08/replication-studies-in-science.html">What are some different types of replication studies?</a></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<p class="default">There are least 3 general types of replication studies- direct
replication, conceptual replication and replication-plus-extension. In direct
replication, researchers attempt to conduct research using methods that are as
close as they can to those used by original researchers. The more transparent
the original research the easier it will generally be to directly replicate....</p><p class="default">Replication is an important part of science. Non-sign..and
sign...studies may be flawed. An array of variables determine the value of the
findings- publication source, <span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529;">funding
sources, study replication, study design, sample size, conflicting interest,
sampling error, different measures of reliability and validity, reporting
limitations, and other possible criticisms of the study. </span><o:p></o:p></p></span><p></p><p class="default">
<span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The top-tier of scientific evidence is <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/peer-review-the-limitations-and-the-progress-of-science/">converging evidence.</a> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-54714975562938046262020-09-10T06:48:00.000-07:002020-09-10T06:48:10.979-07:00So Many Brain Myths<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Discussions on the brain are ubiquitous. Magazines,
books and T.V. are saturated with <span> </span>information related to the brain. Lots, if not
most of it is wrong.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/how-many-neurons-are-in-the-human-brain-a-journey-to-find-the-answer/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">How Many Neurons Are in the Human Brain?</span></b></a></span></p><p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">When I was an undergraduate in graduate school, I learned the human
brain consists of 100 billion neurons (Kolb and Whishaw 2009). This number was
reported in scholarly journals, textbooks, and in college lectures. It was
accepted as fact. I never saw a citation of an original source to support the
claim, nor did I ever hear anyone question whether or not there was evidence to
support it. I just assumed it was common knowledge and must be supported by a
large body of data. Even the general public knew that the human brain consists
of 100 billion neurons. In addition to academia’s dissemination of the supposed
fact, popular media embraced and promoted the 100 billion neuron idea...</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/the-allure-of-neuromyths-brain-science/"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The Allure of Brain Science</span></span></b></a></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The media have become fascinated with brain images—and the use of those
images to explain almost everything. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/how-many-neurons-are-in-the-human-brain-a-journey-to-find-the-answer/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #084d93; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Neuroscience </span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #212529;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">(the scientific study of the nervous system, in many cases
focusing only on the brain) has made a mark in mainstream media and everyday
conversation. You have probably seen headlines such as “This Is Your Brain on
Sugar,” “The Brain’s Evil Spot,” or “Brain Based Learning.” These phrases, and
the stories associated with them, generally hold some truth but at the same
time are misrepresented and often fuel false beliefs and misconceptions. As an
example, consider the implications of the so-called “Sugar Brain.” Proponents
claim that consumption of sugar can activate the same brain reward mechanisms
(dopamine pathway referred to as mesolimbic dopamine system) as those activated
when consuming addictive drugs. Some of the same brain areas are activated
(varying in strength and intensity) when consuming sugar and drugs, but other
stimuli </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">also</em></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> activate the
mesolimbic dopamine system. The mesolimbic dopamine system is rich in
dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine cell bodies (parts of brain cells where dopamine
is synthesized) are located in the brainstem...</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212529;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="background: white; color: #212529;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/the-truth-about-nootropic-brain-supplements-and-brain-power/"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The Truth About Nootropic Supplements</span></span></b></a></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Nootropic substances—from the Greek words meaning “mind-bending” –are
ingestible chemicals often promoted for their cognitive enhancing properties
(Jasanoff 2018). According to companies selling nootropic products, benefits of
using the products include prevention of cognitive decline, enhanced memory,
increased learning, improved concentration, and rapid cognition. Nootropic
drugs include stimulants like amphetamine and methylphenidate, marketed under
the names Adderall and Ritalin, as well as sleep suppressants like Modafinil.
Nootropics </span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">also include a range
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<![endif]--> </span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="background: white; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p><p><span style="background: white; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></p>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-30639031046057886392020-08-17T08:48:00.002-07:002020-08-17T08:48:48.567-07:00Replication Studies in Science<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ideally, scientific research should be replicable
(reproducible). The research should use processes that can be used by others
wanting to conduct a similar or the same study. When referring to the
replication crisis it is often understood that what is meant is lack of
replicating statistically significant findings. It would be more precise to say
there is a "statistically significant replication crisis." It is
possible that original studies that fail to show significance may demonstrate a
type 2 error- missing an effect. This could occur do to a number of
methodological or statistical issues. As an example, when I conducted a study
on expectations influence on food liking the finding was insignificant; when I
ran a statistical power analysis it revealed I needed a larger sample,
considering effect size and p-value to find significance. Statistically
significant and insignificant finding should be replicated, and they should
involve different type of replications using samples with varying
characteristics. </span></p>
<p class="Default"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">What are some different
types of replication studies? </span></b><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">There are least 3 general types
of replication studies- direct replication, conceptual replication and
replication-plus-extension. In direct replication, researchers attempt to
conduct research using methods that are as close as they can to those used by
original researchers. The more transparent the original research the easier it
will generally be to directly replicate. In conceptual replication researchers
address same topics, questions, but use different methods. Variables are
manipulated and measured using different strategies, but conceptualization
remains intact. In a replication-plus-extension study, researchers replicate
original studies, but also add variables, that may include different
operationalizations.</span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></p><p class="Default"><b><span style="color: windowtext;">What are the implications of
replication studies? </span></b><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;">Extra weight is often given to
studies that are replicated (also find significance) outside of the original
lab, or when conducted by researchers other than the ones making the original
findings. A red flag is indicated if only a specific group or lab is able to
make a finding. Why is it others can't make the finding? It is essential that
researchers are transparent with their methods and all relevant research
materials. Strong evidence is the result of various studies; not a single
study, or series of studies that can only be</span> <span style="color: windowtext;">found
by one research group. To reiterate, scientific progress is cumulative; it
develops as a product of the work, of sometimes many people. In some cases it
is necessary to repeat studies that didn't find significance. The original
study might be flawed. The Apex of evidence is converging evidence. Various
research methods, stats, models and inferential strategies have limitations- it
is the preponderance of evidence from various lines of inquiry that converge to
produce the highest level of evidence.</span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">For further discussion on issues with scientific
methods refer to - <a href=" http://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2019/05/2019-edition-in-evidence-we-trust.html"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>In Evidence We Trust
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2nd Edition</span></i></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><i> </i> </span></span></span></p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Various articles on replication from <a href="https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/?s=replication">Andrew Gelman's site</a> </span></p>
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<![endif]--> </span></span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p class="Default"><span style="color: windowtext;"> </span> </p>
jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-39471880189221137562020-07-21T07:31:00.001-07:002020-07-21T07:31:13.318-07:00Exploring The Vast Domain of Science
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Science is often complex- it involves components and
sub-components. Science encompasses at least three general areas: scientific
cognition, scientific literacy (general scientific knowledge) and domain
specific science. Scientific processes are not algorithmic- processes do not involve precise steps producing precise outcomes. The procedures,
inferences and model constructions vary tremendously. Below are links to articles
that involve exploration of the vast domain of science.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333332; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Science is broad; it
consists of many components and sub-components. Discussions regarding science
are sometimes short-circuited by discussing a single component. These types of
discussions oversimplify the wide range of science, its development, and
implications. A full appreciation of science requires much more than a focus on
a singular element. Skepticism is an element of a scientific attitude and is
important, but a skeptical attitude alone—without other cognitive skills and
knowledge—doesn’t make one a scientific thinker. Science is all about skepticism,
so say the popularizers of science. Skepticism is important, but without the
knowledge and appropriate skills, this characteristic will not make one a
scientific thinker. Science is hard. In the words of Albert Einstein, “Things
should be made as simple as possible, but not any simpler.”</span> <a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/science-the-vast-enterprise/">https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/science-the-vast-enterprise/</a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When discussing
research methodology, it is important to distinguish between </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">applied</span></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> and </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">basic research</span></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">. </span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Applied research</span></strong><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> examines a specific set of circumstances, and its
ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation. That is,
applied research uses the data directly for everyday application.</span> <a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-5-applied-and-basic-research/">https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-5-applied-and-basic-research/</a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #212529; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is common for
popular science articles and books to misrepresent science, a practice that
isn’t limited to popular publications. Textbooks, peer reviewed publications,
and college courses sometimes promote misinformation. To avoid being
bamboozled, </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">think for yourself </em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">or go to the source and </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">evaluate the evidence for yourself</em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">. Science is hard;
methods and statistics used within and between scientific domains vary greatly.
A brief look at a paper’s abstract is often done when people evaluate studies,
reviews, or research reports. Sometimes this is enough to get a general
overview, or at least to gather the information one is looking for. However,
sometimes a thorough read and investigation of the paper is appropriate.
Evaluating a paper—and determining its level of validity (and different types
of validity) and reliability—is cognitively demanding. With a little education,
including the appropriate mindware, a general understanding of popular science
and scholarly science is attainable.</span> <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/scientific-mindware/">https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/scientific-mindware/</a></div>
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<span style="color: #212529;">The
general public has expressed strong confidence and trust in science (Sloss
& Hale, Working Paper). Opinion polls indicate science careers are rated
among the most admired and trusted occupations, despite their limitations.</span>
If you ask most people they will probably agree that science education is
important. American kids don’t perform well on some international science
tests, and performance gets even worse as they grow into teenagers. <a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/rethinking-science-education/">https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/rethinking-science-education/</a></div>
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<![endif]-->jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-92074276091840995842020-06-08T07:23:00.001-07:002020-06-08T07:25:20.100-07:00Teaching Students to Read Primary Research<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">This article provides excerpts and key points taken
from a study conducted by Jones and Hale (2019). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Jones and Hale - Abstract, 2019</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">"The purpose of the current paper is to present a pedagogical
method for teaching students to read analyze, and evaluate research methodology
and conclusions in primary scientific literature. Analytical reading of primary
scientific literature is an essential skill for advanced undergraduate and graduate
students. Evaluating research involves
healthy criticism and debate. Students should be introduced to this process of
criticism and analysis early and throughout their college careers. These are skills students can use for their
own research papers, theses, and dissertations, and can also ensure future
clinical practice is evidence-based. The
present method is grounded in research on cognitive and learning psychology and
provides a structure for developing analytical reading skills in the classroom.
Our conclusions are supported primarily by teaching evaluations, personal communications with students, and experience. The method presented is a practical method for
utilizing findings from educational, teaching, and psychological research in
the classroom."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">With use of the analytical method used here students
should be able to:</span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Distinguish peer-reviewed, trade, and
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types of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>primary literature: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>original investigations, meta-analyses,
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Know the relevance of each type of paper
to the process of scientific investigation and literature review</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Identify the parts of a study –
abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion – and what information
they contain</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Understand different research designs:
strengths and limitations including:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The exact method of teaching this information varies with the
instructor and is considered in the context relevant to the students. Those
students who have already completed coursework in research methods and
statistics may only need a brief review on much of this material, while others
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Students are provided with a question-based
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">" Results</span></div>
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<![endif]-->jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-19550938896511331812020-04-16T07:27:00.001-07:002020-04-16T07:27:36.751-07:00The Relationship Between Scientific Cognition and Scientific Literacy: Implications for Learning Science <br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abstract</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This paper is a revision of the paper titled Association Between Scientific
Cognition and Scientific Literacy: Implications for Learning Science (Hale, Sloss,
& Lawson, 2017). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the context of
the current research scientific literacy is synonymous with general scientific
knowledge. Scientific cognition is different than scientific literacy;
scientific cognition involves multiple components and sub-components. At the
very least, scientific cognition involves philosophy of science, research
methodology, probabilistic reasoning and logic (deductive and inductive). The
primary interests in the study were whether or not scientific cognition and
scientific literacy scores would be associated, and whether or not there would
be gender differences for total scores for each scale. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A bivariate
analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that there would be an
association between scientific cognition and scientific literacy. Independent
samples t-tests were conducted to test whether or not there was gender
differences on scores from the scientific cognition and scientific literacy
scale.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The scientific literacy and scientific
cognition assessment consisted of mostly questions derived from measuring
devices used in the past. The assessments were administered as part of an
online survey. The participants were 202 university students. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The study was
approved by the university's Institutional Review Board. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The results indicate a positive relationship /
correlation between scientific literacy and scientific cognition, and no gender
differences for total scores from the scales. Additional analyses indicate
there was gender differences for some of the questions. There was gender
differences for one item from the scientific literacy assessment and for two
items from the scientific cognition assessment. The research report includes a
discussion on limitations of the study, implications for science education and
future directions for relevant research.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Science is a large enterprise consisting
of multiple components. <span style="color: black;">Science is a systematic
approach to knowledge. Proper use of scientific processes lead to rationalism
(basing conclusion on intellect, logic and evidence). Science combats dogmatism
(adherence to doctrine over rational and enlightened inquiry, or basing
conclusion on authority rather than evidence) and provides a better
understanding of the world. Scientific processes/ methods are unmistakably the
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">processes available for describing, predicting and explaining
phenomena in the observable universe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
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2007).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Observation itself <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is necessary in acquiring scientific
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time you get up in the morning to the time you go to bed on a given day. When
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>Systematic Empiricism </i>is
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precisely about the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After careful
systematic observations, such as those in controlled studies, relationships are
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</span>“We could observe end-less pieces of data, adding to the content of
science, but our observations would be of limited use without general
principles to structure them” (Myers & Hansen, 2002, p. 10).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">...</span></span></div>
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<b>Method</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Participants</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Participants in the study were 202
students from Eastern Kentucky University. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sample consisted of 160 females and 42
males. Participants received partial course credit in exchange for their
participation. Participation was voluntary, and participants could terminate
their involvement at any time during the study without penalty. Before
participating in the study all participants reported that they had no
conditions that would prevent them from being part of the study. All participants
completed an online survey that included a scientific cognition and a
scientific literacy assessment. The study was approved by the university's
Institutional Review Board.</span>...<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Results</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>A bivariate analysis was conducted
to test the hypothesis that there would be an association between scientific
cognition and scientific literacy. The results of the analysis support the
hypothesis, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">r </i>(200)= +.33, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i> < .01 (two-tailed), r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">= .11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Independent samples t-tests were conducted to
test whether or not there was gender differences on scores from the scientific
cognition and scientific literacy scale. The results of the independent samples
t-test, for men (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M</i> = 9.36, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SD</i> = 2.63) and women (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M</i> = 9.60, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SD</i> = 2.31) using total scores on scientific cognition as the
dependent variable was not statistically significant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">t </i>(200) = .59, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p > </i>.05
(two-tailed), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</i> = .10.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results of the independent samples
t-test, for men (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M</i> = 10.52, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SD</i> = 1.69) and women (M = 10.31, SD =
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Discussion</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The results show a positive association between scientific
cognition and scientific literacy. The association was moderate in strength.
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and scientific literacy were not significant. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The results indicate gender (men
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jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-41348716625382004672020-03-17T12:59:00.001-07:002020-03-17T13:00:44.603-07:00A Popular Myth About Rational Thinking <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is common for people to use the term logic as if
it is synonymous with rational thinking. Rationality consists of scientific
cognition and cognitive reflection. Logic is a component of scientific
cognition, but logic alone does not mean rationality. Cognitive reflection involves
analytical thinking (a component of Type 2 processing) that reflects overriding
fast, incorrect thinking responses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stanovich asserts that there at least <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 common myths associated with rationality <b><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. That there is not much
more to rational thinking than logical thinking<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2. That emotions are inherently irrational</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"<span class="entry-content">Dictionary definitions of rationality tend to be rather
lame and unspecific (“the state or quality of being in accord with reason”),
and some critics who wish to downplay the importance of rationality have
promulgated a caricature of rationality that involves restricting its
definition to not more than the ability to do the syllogistic reasoning
problems that are encountered in Philosophy 101" (<a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/myths-about-rationality/">Hale, 2018</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/myths-about-rationality/"> )</a></span></span></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Logicians study the structure of argument in the form
of syllogisms. A syllogism is laid out as a list of premises and a conclusion
that may or may not follow from premises. A syllogism is valid if conclusion necessarily
follows from the premises. When the syllogism is invalid the conclusion can be
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"If it rains, Judy takes the train</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Baron, 2008- <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thinking
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The above syllogism looks good? However, Judy might
also take the train when it snows or might take the train for other reasons;
thus, the syllogism is invalid. Syllogisms involve formal logic; they are not a
complete theory of thinking, and only a portion of critical thinking / rational
thinking. It is reasonable to suggest that one of, if not the biggest myth about
rationality is that rationality is synonymous with logic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In my book - <a href="http://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2019/05/2019-edition-in-evidence-we-trust.html">In EvidenceWe Trust 2nd Edition</a> </span>-chapter 2 covers rationality as in terms of
cognitive science. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggested reading:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2014/07/emotion-influences-rationality.html">Emotion influences rationality</a> </span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/can-rationality-be-learned/"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Can rationality be learned?</span></span></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span> </span> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="entry-content"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-67020709483995423012020-01-08T12:55:00.002-08:002020-01-08T12:55:56.467-08:00Research Statistics: Frequentist & Bayesian <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Learning about stats will help you think in terms of
probabilities, and allow you to gain a better understanding of research data.
Discussions on research stats generally involve two categories: Frequentist and
Bayesian. Frequentist methods refers to quantities that are hypothetical
frequencies of data distribution patterns under an assumed statistical model.
These hypothetical frequencies that are predicted are called frequency
probabilities. These probabilities are not synonymous with hypothesis
probabilities. Bayesian statistics are also concerned with probability and
present mathematical models of data. The formula use is different with Bayesian
vs. Frequentist models; a key difference is how probability is conceptualized.
My knowledge is in Frequentist stats; I don't have the knowledge to talk about
Bayesian models, so discussions in this book, regarding stats, will be focused
on Frequentist stats</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">To learn more about Bayesian
vs. Frequentist refer to: </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Frequentism vs. Bayesianism:
Jake VanderPlas- video </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhAUfqhLakw</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">All About The Bayes: Kristin
Lennox- video </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDMGDhyDxuY&t=3041s</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">Statistical Modeling, Causal
Inference and Social Science </span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext;">https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/
</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Myths about statistics
https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most scientific and technical journals contain some
form of statistics; that is, if the research is quantitative. Without an
understanding of statistics, the statistical information contained in the
journal will be meaningless. An understanding of basic statistics will provide
you with the fundamental skills necessary to read and evaluate most results
sections. The ability to extract meaning from journal articles, and the ability
to evaluate research from a statistical perspective are basic skills that will
increase your knowledge and understanding of the article of interest.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.5pt;">Gaining
knowledge in the area of statistics will help you become a better-informed
consumer. If you understand basic statistical concepts, you will be in a better
position to evaluate the information you have been given.</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.5pt;">People like
assertions that reflect certainty. Statistical, scientific thinking is not
about absolute certainty. The conclusions drawn from scientific research are
probabilistic- generalizations that are correct most of the time, but not every
time. People often weight anecdotal evidence more heavily than probabilistic
information. This is an error in thinking, leads to bad decisions, and often,
irrational thinking. It is important to accept statistical predictions aren't
perfect. These predictions are based on samples (groups, categories intending
to represent populations) and will be correct more often than not.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="Default">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">To learn more about
statistical thinking refer to - <a href="http://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2019/05/2019-edition-in-evidence-we-trust.html">In Evidence We Trust</a> </span></span></div>
<br />
jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-41155932017262652152019-09-15T09:13:00.000-07:002019-09-15T09:13:00.371-07:00The Illusive Scientific Method<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Science writers, educators and sometimes researchers
have a tendency to refer to the scientific method. This method is the
systematic process, methodology, used in science to acquire knowledge and test
claims. One huge problem with the referral to a singular methodology, it
<u>doesn't</u> exist. Science makes use of multiple methods, models and inferential
strategies. Why so much discussion about and illusory method? Maybe, it
demonstrates and appeal to tradition, an appeal to popularity, a misunderstanding
of the sometimes complex nature of science and its relevant components and
interacting factors, or mentioning a singular scientific method is easier
than the alternatives (demonstrating cognitive miserliness- which is normal for
most).</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Science is broad; it
consists of many components and sub-components. Discussions regarding science
are sometimes short-circuited by discussing a single component. These types of
discussions oversimplify the wide range of science, its development, and implications.
A full appreciation of science requires much more than a focus on a singular
element. Skepticism is an element of a scientific attitude and is important,
but a skeptical attitude alone—without other cognitive skills and
knowledge—doesn’t make one a scientific thinker. Science is all about
skepticism, so say the popularizers of science. Skepticism is important, but
without the knowledge and appropriate skills, this characteristic will not make
one a scientific thinker. Science is hard. In the words of Albert Einstein,
“Things should be made as simple as possible, but not any simpler.”<span> </span><a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/science_the_vast_enterprise/">Science: The Vast Enterprise</a></span></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Scientific literacy, in the context of this article
and my research, is synonymous with general scientific knowledge. Scientific
literacy in this form involves remembering scientific facts, theories,
principles, and so on—products of scientific inquiry. This form of literacy is
sometimes referred to as a form of derived scientific literacy. Scientific
literacy is important, however other science related concepts are just as
important. Scientific cognition is not the same as scientific literacy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Scientific cognition
(thinking) involves complex cognitive mechanisms. Scientific cognition involves
much more than general scientific knowledge, procedural skills to conduct
research, attaching “science says” to your statements, a science degree,
perpetuating views of popular science figures, identifying yourself as evidence
based, asking for evidence, being skeptical, etc. Scientific thinking involves thinking
that can also be used out of the lab. At the very least scientific cognition
involves philosophy of science, scientific methodology, quantitative reasoning,
probabilistic reasoning, and logic (deductive and inductive). To learn more
about scientific cognition and scientific literacy refer to- <a href="https://www.kyscience.org/v_newsletters/newsletter_4913341.htm">ScientificCognition and Scientific Literacy at Kentucky Academy of Science</a> </span></span><br />
<br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">A better understanding and promotion of science is
needed. Science does not involve a singular method. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Rethinking science
education involves at the most basic level acknowledging the broad nature of
science, promoting the message that science is hard but learnable, identifying
and accepting the limitations of science, and understanding science is about
more than just retrieving scientific facts from memory. Science education is
valuable for everyone. Recommendations for future science education</span>: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/rethinking-science-education/">Rethinking Science Education</a> </span> </span> </span></span><br />
<br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Precision in language is essential for science
communication. The misuse of the term "scientific method" is one of
many examples of unclear language. In my book- <a href="https://maxcondition.com/store-2/#!/In-Evidence-We-Trust-2nd-Edition-eBook/p/58318526/category=0">In Evidence We Trust</a>- I point to
examples, often seen in textbooks and used by instructors, to the lack of
precision in scientific language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
is a problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clear communication
requires precise, consistent use of terminology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students often accuse me of being a semantic
stickler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I accept the label.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When talking and writing about science,
practice precision and consistency. </span></span></span>jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-15162668639806915702019-05-20T07:12:00.003-07:002019-05-20T07:12:35.987-07:002019 edition- In Evidence We Trust <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">Scientific evidence depends on
converging evidence. That is, the convergence of different strategies, making
use of the preponderance of evidence, that converge as a tentative finding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Avoid the notion of the gold standard, or referring
to a single methodology as superior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Different methods have strengths and weaknesses and each study, review
or meta-analysis should be evaluated accordingly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reliability and validity across methodologies
and contexts are important. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
following pages science, rationality/ critical thinking (in cognitive science
terms) and statistics (frequentist type of stats) are discussed.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The content in chapter one includes short-articles
(old, new & revised), a science discussion roundtable (featuring
individuals from various fields), a full research report, concise overview of a
study involving a teaching strategy regarding research methodologies and a
nonsense detection kit. Some of the short articles presented in chapter one
have been published on various internet sites, and some of the same or similar
information may be discussed across different articles. There are at least two
key benefits that can occur when presenting similar information across
different articles (in different contexts): strengthening of memory
connections, and each article can be read as a stand-alone article. In the
science discussion roundtable participants are asked two questions. One) <i>Do
you have any tips for people that are interested in enhancing their ability to
read scientific research</i>? Two) <i>What is the biggest (or at least one of
the biggest misconceptions) misconception about science? </i>The Nonsense
Detection Kit is presented in chapter one. The impetus for designing the
Nonsense Detection Kit was similar kits devised by Sagan, Shermer, and
Lilienfeld.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chapter two features short articles on rationality.
That is rationality, as defined by cognitive science. Some of the same or
similar information is contained across different articles. There are at least
a couple of advantages to presenting information in this manner (refer to
previously mentioned advantages in chapter one). Some of the articles focus on
the rationality intelligence dichotomy. Also included in this chapter are
interviews with Keith Stanovich and the Stanovich Research Lab (Keith
Stanovich, Richard West and Maggie Toplak). In the interviews with Stanovich,
he discusses the development of an RQ Test. In the interview with the Stanovich
lab, rationality and intelligence are discussed.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chapter three features frequently asked questions
about research methods and statistics. Many of the questions are questions I
have received in the past from my students. Some of the questions address basic
research and statistics problems, while other questions are more complex. To
reiterate, the research methods and stats discussed in this book mention a
small sample relative to the wide range of methods and stats used across areas
of science. Hard sciences and soft sciences often use different models,
methodologies, stats, inferential processes, manipulations and assessments.
Even within the same area of science different strategies are used. Not all
science involves null hypothesis statistical testing and Popperian principles
of falsification; science and the methodologies used are much broader. Science
is a vast enterprise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This edition consists of a lot of the same material
that was in the first edition. The 2nd edition offers a revision to some parts
of the 1st edition, and it consists of additional information including a full
research report (examining association between scientific cognition and
scientific literacy), concise overview of a research report on teaching
research methodology, development of the rationality quotient and a discussion
on different topics involving statistics (valuable sources provided if further
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Precision
in Language</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I attempted to be precise with language use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Precision in language is essential for
science communication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I point to
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precision in scientific language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
is a problem. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clear communication requires
precise, consistent use of terminology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Students often accuse me of being a semantic stickler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I accept the label.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When talking and writing about science,
practice precision and consistency.</span></div>
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<a href="https://maxcondition.com/store-2/#!/In-Evidence-We-Trust-2nd-Edition-eBook/p/58318526/category=0"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In Evidence We Trust: The need for science, rationality and statistics 2nd edition</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-77927042446803554192019-01-28T14:06:00.001-08:002019-01-28T14:06:33.223-08:00The So-Called Sports Illustrated Jinx<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
The Sports Illustrated Jinx is the notion that being featured on the cover
of SI leads to bad-luck that negatively affects future performance.<br />
<br />
Examples of the <em>Sports Illustrated</em> Jinx (Wikipedia excerpts):<br />
“May 26, 1958: Race car driver Pat O’Connor appears on the cover of the magazine.
He dies four days later on the first lap of the Indianapolis 500.<br />
<br />
August 7, 1978: Pete Rose appears on the cover the same week that his
44-game hitting streak ended.<br />
<br />
<span id="more-19766"></span>May 8, 1989: Jon Peters, of Brenham High School
in Texas, sets the national high school record for games won by a pitcher, with
a 51-0 record. The next game after his cover appearance, he loses for the first
(and only) time of his high school career.<br />
<br />
In November 2007, Kerry Meier of the Kansas Jayhawks appeared on the cover
with the caption “Dream Season (So Far)” at the time when the Jayhawks’s record
was 11-0. In their next game they lost to their arch rivals, the Missouri
Tigers, 36-28, ending the Jayhawks’s perfect season.<br />
<br />
November 9, 2009: Iowa’s Derell Johnson Koulianos appears on the front cover
with the words “Still Perfect.” The Hawkeyes lost to Northwestern two days
before the issue date, ending the longest winning streak in school history.”<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
Can the SI Jinx be explained by a statistical concept? Statistical
regression to the mean indicates poor performance is typically followed by
better performance, while exceptionally good performance is typically followed
by decreased performance. How does this apply to the SI Jinx?<br />
<br />
"It does not take much statistical sophistication to see how regression
effects may be responsible for the belief in the Sports Illustrated jinx.
Athletes’ performances at different times are imperfectly correlated. Thus, due
to regression alone, we can expect an extraordinary good performance to be
followed, on the average, by a somewhat less extraordinary performance.
Athletes appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated when they are newsworthy-
i.e., when their performance is extraordinary. Thus, an athlete’s superior
performance in the weeks preceding a cover story is very likely to be followed
by somewhat poorer performance in the weeks after. Those who believe in the
jinx, like those who believe in the hot hand, are mistaken, not in what they
observe, but in how they interpret what they see. Many athletes do suffer
deterioration in their performance after being pictured on the cover of Sports
Illustrated, and the mistake lies in citing a jinx, rather than citing
regression as the proper interpretation of this phenomenon." Gilovich,
1991, p.26<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">The term regression to the mean was discovered
and coined by Francis Galton in the late nineteenth century (Kahneman, 2011). <span> </span>The term might be hard to understand, as
causal </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">reasoning often overrides this type of statistical thinking. It might be a hard
concept to understand for those without training in stats. Kahneman reports
this sort of thinking doesn't come naturally and often leads to confusing
outcomes. "The statistician David Freedman used to say that if the topic
of regression comes up in a criminal or civil trial, the side that musty
explain regression to the jury will lose the case. Why is it so hard? The main
reason for the difficulty is a recurrent theme of this book: our mind is
strongly biased toward causal explanations and does not deal well with 'mere
statistics" (Kahneman, 2011, p.182).</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">References available upon request. <span> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-34215990691255377952018-12-26T08:41:00.000-08:002018-12-26T08:41:05.913-08:00Myths About Critical Thinking<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Critical thinking (rational thinking) is good
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<a href="http://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2014/07/emotion-influences-rationality.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Emotion Influences Rationality</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Emotions may enhance instrumental rationality, or
they may impede it. Emotions provide an approximation of the correct
response.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If more accuracy than that is
required, then a more precise type of analytic cognition will be required
(Stanovich, 2009)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is possible to rely
too much on the emotions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We can base
responses on an approximation when what is really needed is a more precise type
of analytic thought.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More often than not,
processes of emotional regulation enhance rational thinking and behavior....</span></div>
<br /><br />
<a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/myths-about-rationality/">Myths About Rationality</a><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Although many people feel (mistakenly or not) that
they could do without the ability to solve textbook logic problems (which is
why the caricatured view of rationality works to undercut its status),
virtually no person wishes to eschew epistemic rationality and instrumental
rationality, properly defined. Virtually all people want their beliefs to
be in some correspondence with reality, and they also want to act to maximize
the achievement of their goals. Psychologist Ken Manktelow has emphasized
the practicality of both types of rationality by noting that they concern two
critical things: What is true and what to do.....</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formal Logic</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Formal logic consists of different categories. It is
concerned with evaluation of argument, often involving what are presumed to be <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>true premises that lead to a conclusion, that
may or may not be valid. Logic isn't a complete system of thinking, as it is
incomplete in evidence search; what matters is the construction of the argument.
Categories of formal logic include: propositional, categorical, predicate and
modal (Baron, 2008). Baron provides a discussion on logic and its various forms
in his book - <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thinking And Deciding 4th
Edition</i></span> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(Baron, 2008).</span> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Critical Thinking</span></b></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">ducators<span style="color: black;">, so-called
evidence based practitioners and researchers </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>often pay lip service to the idea of teaching
“critical thinking”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, when asked to
define “critical thinking” answers are often weak and sometimes so ambiguous
they are virtually worthless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Common
responses<span style="color: black;"> when asked to define </span>critical
thinking includes, “teaching them how to think”, “teaching them formal <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">logic”, or “teaching
them how to solve problems”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
already know how to think<span style="color: black;">; if they have a normal
functioning working memory. When they are awake they are thinking about something.
L</span>ogic is only a portion of what is needed to increase critical thinking,
and teaching them how to solve problems is an ambiguous answer<span style="color: black;">,</span> that is context specific.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stanovich argues, “that the superordinate
goal we are actually trying to foster is that of rationality” (Stanovich, 2010,
p.198). <span style="color: black;">Critical thinking, as it is commonly
referred, is a weak concept that lacks converging evidence. And, if measured at
all, it is often measured in a subjective way, not susceptible to replication. Cognitive
science, conceptualizes clearly and provides an array of measures of rational
thinking tasks. The first comprehensive assessment was made public in 2016. </span></span> </span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7667447331960248890.post-30604976610462368412018-12-10T07:30:00.002-08:002018-12-10T07:30:46.961-08:00Myths Under Investigation<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Myths, in the context of my work, are conceptualized
as incorrect beliefs or claims. A large portion of my work is aimed at the study
of myths. Presenting a strong case against myths requires elaborative
refutational strategies (text, demonstrations, videos, verbal destruction,
comparative outcommes etc...). Myth shattering is time consuming, and
requires exceptional knowledge in the area being addressed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://psychcentral.com/lib/the-link-between-vaccines-and-autism-true-or-false/">Vaccines & Autism</a></span></div>
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Does vaccination increase the likelihood of autism? One hypothesis is that
vaccination in general, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) virus live vaccine, and
vaccines that contain mercury cause autism. Actress Jenny McCarthy is one of
the most outspoken proponents of the autism-vaccine hypothesis. She has
appeared on numerous TV shows, radio shows and other media outlets where she
has claimed that there is definitely a link between vaccines and autism....<br />
<br />
<a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/myths-about-memory/">Myths About Memory</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
Memory is important in everyday judgments and decision-making. In some
way or another, memory affects most aspects of our lives. It is no
surprise that there are many myths about memory...<br />
<br />
<a href="https://psychcentral.com/lib/whats-your-learning-style/">What's Your Learning Style</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
Do a Google search for the words “learning styles” and you will find a large
number of websites claiming they can identify your preferred learning style in
a matter of minutes. Are you a verbal learner? Are you a auditory learner? Are
you a kinesthetic learner? Supposedly, those with expertise in the VAK (visual,
auditory, kinesthetic) classification system can answer those questions; they
can provide a diagnosis regarding your best learning style....<br />
<br />
<a href="http://jamiehalesblog.blogspot.com/2018/07/a-new-understanding-of-human-brain.html">A New Understanding of the Human Brain</a><br />
<br />
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<br />
College students are taught that the human brain consists of 100 billion
neurons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This claim can be found in
numerous textbooks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>College instructors
often promote the 100 billion neuron claim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This claim is also promoted by widespread media sources. If you have
read much about the brain or engaged in dialogue regarding the human brain
there is a good chance you have encountered......<br />
<br />
<a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/the-myth-behind-drinking-8-glasses-of-water-a-day/">Drinking 8 glasses of Water Per Day?</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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<![endif]-->
<br />
It’s common knowledge that we should drink at least eight glasses of water a
day. Or at least many people <em>think</em> it’s common knowledge....<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">For The Love of Myth Busting</i><br />
<br />
Books, seminars and articles on myths are popular. My most popular seminar
is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interrogating Nutrition Claims. </i>It
is not uncommon to see one acquire myth killer status in a specific domain,
while promoting myths in another domain. Ostensibly, it isn't that people who
like shattering myths are concerned with truth value as much as they are
concerned with domain specific knowledge, and the concern is often
demonstrating smarts in a specific area. A consistent concern with epistemic
rationality (evidential rationality) involves consistent use of logic, and the
plethora of cognitive mechanisms that underpin critical thinking (cognitive
faculties of scientific thinking and reflective processing).<br />
<br />
<i>Myth Shattering: A Comprehensive Model</i><br />
<br />
A comprehensive approach to the study of false beliefs and claims involves
the investigation of- psychological, social, mimetic processes, critical /
rational thinking and sources of myths. The approach requires a multidisciplinary
approach. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br /><br />
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jamie halehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17183879491433505248noreply@blogger.com0